What it is about?
This section classified with the list of useful acronyms, initialisms and perhaps one or two abbreviations from the life science background.
AAV – adeno‐associated virus Ab antibody
ABC Transporters – ATP Binding Cassette Transporters
AChR – acetylcholine receptor
ACT – adoptive cell transfer
ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADA – adenosine deaminase
ADCC – antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity
AEP – asparagine endopeptidase
Ag – antigen
AHL – Acyl Homoserine Lactone
AID – activation‐induced cytidine deaminase
AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIRE – autoimmune regulator
ALBA – addressable laser bead assay
ALS – Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ANCA – antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
APC – antigen‐presenting cell
ARRE‐1 – antigen receptor response element‐1
ARRE‐2 – antigen receptor response element‐2
ART – antiretroviral therapy
ASFV – African swine fever virus
AZT – zidovudine (3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine)
AZT : Azidothymidine
BAC : Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
BAFF – B‐cell‐activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family
B‐cell – lymphocyte which matures in bone marrow
BCG – bacille Calmette–Guérin attenuated form of tuberculosis
BCR – B‐cell receptor
BM – bone marrow
BPPI : Biophysics of Proteins and Protein Interactions
BSA – bovine serum albumin
BSE – bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Btk – Bruton’s tyrosine kinase
BUDR – bromodeoxyuridine
Cα(β/γ/δ) – constant part of TCR α(β/γ/δ) chain
CALLA – common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen
cAMP – cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CCP – complement control protein repeat
CD – cluster of differentiation
CDR – complementarity determining regions of Ig or TCR
variable portion
CEA – carcinoembryonic antigen
CFA – complete Freund’s adjuvant
cGMP – cyclic guanosine monophosphate
ChIP – chromatin immunoprecipitation
CHIP – chemotaxis inhibitory protein
CH(L) – constant part of Ig heavy (light) chain
CLA – cutaneous lymphocyte antigen
CLIP – class II‐associated invariant chain peptide
CMI – cell‐mediated immunity
CML – cell‐mediated lympholysis
CMV – cytomegalovirus
Cn – complement component “n”
iCn – inactivated complement component “n”
Cna – small peptide derived by proteolytic activation of Cn
CpG – cytosine phosphate‐guanosine dinucleotide motif
CR(n) – complement receptor “n”
CRP – C‐reactive protein
CSF – cerebrospinal fluid
CSR – class switch recombination
CTLR – C‐type lectin receptor
CSLM – Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope
CFU – Colony Forming Unit
CDK – Cycline Dependent Kinases
DAF – decay accelerating factor
DAG – diacylglycerol
DAMP – danger‐associated molecular pattern
DC – dendritic cells
D gene – diversity minigene joining V and J segments to form variable region
DMARD – disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug
DNP – dinitrophenyl
DTH – delayed‐type hypersensitivity
DTP – diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis triple vaccine
DAP – Diamine Phosphate
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DIC – Differential Interference Contrast Microscope
DDT – Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane
EBV – Epstein–Barr virus
ELISA – enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
EM – electron microscope
Eo – eosinophil
EPO – erythropoietin
ER – endoplasmic reticulum
ES – embryonic stem (cell)
ESR – Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
ET – exfoliative toxins
F(B) – factor (B, etc.)
FAB – Antigen Binding Factor
Fab – monovalent Ig antigen‐binding fragment after papain digestion
F(ab′)2 – divalent antigen‐binding fragment after pepsin digestion
FACS – fluorescence‐activated cell sorter
FasL – Fas‐ligand
Fc – Ig crystallizable‐fragment originally; now non‐Fab part of Ig
FcγR – receptor for IgG Fc fragment
FDC – follicular dendritic cell
flt‐3 – flk‐2 ligand
FMN – Flavin Mononucleotide
GADS – GRB2‐related adaptor protein
g.b.m. – glomerular basement membrane
G‐CSF – granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor
GEFs – guanine‐nucleotide exchange factors
GM‐CSF – granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor
gpn – n kDa glycoprotein
GRB2 – growth factor receptor‐binding protein 2
GSK3 – glycogen synthase kinase 3
GVH – graft versus host
GRAS – Generally Recognized As Safe
H‐2 – the mouse major histocompatibility complex
H‐2D/K/L(A/E) – main loci for classical class I (class II) murine MHC molecules
HAMA – human antimouse antibodies
HATA – human antitoxin antibody
HBsAg – hepatitis B surface antigen
hCG – human chorionic gonadotropin
HCMV – human cytomegalovirus
HEL – hen egg lysozyme
HEV – high‐walled endothelium of postcapillary venule
HIV – human immunodeficiency virus
HLA – human major histocompatibility complex
HMG – high mobility group
HR – hypersensitive response
HRF – homologous restriction factor
HSA – heat‐stable antigen
HSC – hematopoietic stem cell
hsp – heat‐shock protein
5HT – 5‐hydroxytryptamine
HTLV – human T‐cell leukemia virus
H‐Y – male transplantation antigen
HDP – Helix Destabilising Protein
IBD – inflammatory bowel disease
ICAM‐1 – intercellular adhesion molecule‐1
Id (αId) – idiotype (anti‐idiotype)
IDC – interdigitating dendritic cells
IDDM – insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
IDO – indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase
IEL – intraepithelial lymphocyte
IFNα – α‐interferon (also IFNβ, IFNγ)
IFR – interferon‐regulated factor
Ig – immunoglobulin
IgG – immunoglobulin G (also IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) sIg surface immunoglobulin
Ig‐α/Ig‐β – membrane peptide chains associated with sIg B‐cell receptor
IgSF – immunoglobulin superfamily
IL‐1 – interleukin‐1 (also IL‐2, IL‐3, etc.)
iNOS – inducible nitric oxide synthase
IP3 – inositol trisphosphate
ISCOM – immunostimulating complex
ITAM – immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif
ITIM – immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif
ITP – idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
IVIg – intravenous immunoglobulin
JAK – Janus kinases
J chain – polypeptide chain in IgA dimer and IgM pentamer
J gene – joining gene linking V or D segment to constant region
Ka(d) – association (dissociation) affinity constant (usually Ag–Ab reactions)
kDa – units of molecular mass in kilodaltons
KIR – killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors
KLH – keyhole limpet hemocyanin
LAK – lymphokine‐activated killer cell
LAMP – lysosomal‐associated membrane proteins
LAT – linker for activation of T‐cells
LATS – long‐acting thyroid stimulator
LBP – LPS‐binding protein
LCM – lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Lea/b/x – Lewisa/b/x blood group antigens
LFA‐1 – lymphocyte function‐associated antigen‐1
LGL – large granular lymphocyte
LHRH – luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
LIF – leukemia inhibiting factor
LPS – lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)
LRR – leucine‐rich repeat
LT(B) – leukotriene (B etc.)
mAb – monoclonal antibody
MAC – membrane attack complex
MAdCAM – mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule
MALT – mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue
MAM – Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen
MAP – kinase mitogen‐activated protein kinase
MAPKKK – mitogen‐associated protein kinase kinase kinase
MBL – mannose binding lectin
MBP – major basic protein of eosinophils (also myelin basic protein)
MCP – membrane cofactor protein (complement regulation)
MCP‐1 – monocyte chemotactic protein‐1
M‐CSF – macrophage colony‐stimulating factor
MDP – muramyl dipeptide
MHC – major histocompatibility complex
MICA – MHC class I chain‐related A chain
MIDAS – metal ion‐dependent adhesion site
MIF – macrophage migration inhibitory factor
MIIC – MHC class II‐enriched compartments
MLA – monophosphoryl lipid A
MLR – mixed lymphocyte reaction
MMTV – mouse mammary tumor virus
Mφ – macrophage
MRSA – methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MS – multiple sclerosis
MSC – mesenchymal stem cell
MSH – melanocyte stimulating hormone
MTP – microsomal triglyceride‐transfer protein
MuLV – murine leukemia virus
NADP – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NAP – neutrophil activating peptide
NBT – nitroblue tetrazolium
NCF – neutrophil chemotactic factor
NFAT – nuclear factor of activated T‐cells
NFkB – nuclear transcription factor
NK – natural killer cell
NLR – NOD‐like receptor
NO – nitric oxide
NOD – nonobese diabetic mouse
NZB – New Zealand Black mouse
NZB × W – New Zealand Black mouse × NZ White F1 hybrid
O2 – superoxide anion
OD – optical density
ORF – open reading frame
OS – obese strain chicken
Ova – ovalbumin
PAF(‐R) – platelet activating factor (‐receptor)
PAGE – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PAMP – pathogen‐associated molecular pattern
PBSCs – peripheral blood stem cells
PCA – passive cutaneous anaphylaxis
PCR – polymerase chain reaction
PERV – porcine endogenous retroviruses
PG(E) – prostaglandin (E etc.)
PHA – phytohemagglutinin
phox – phagocyte oxidase
PI3K – phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase
PIAS – protein inhibitor of activated STAT
pIgR – poly‐Ig receptor
PIP2 – phosphatidylinositol diphosphate
PKC – protein kinase C
PKR – RNA‐dependent protein kinase
PLC – phospholipase C
PLCγ2 – phospholipase Cγ2
PMN – polymorphonuclear neutrophil
PMT – photomultiplier tube
PNH – paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
PPAR – peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor
PPD – purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PRR – pattern recognition receptor
PTFE – polytetrafluoroethylene
PTK – protein tyrosine kinase
PWM – pokeweed mitogen
RA – rheumatoid arthritis
RANTES – regulated upon activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted chemokine
RAST – radioallergosorbent test
RF – rheumatoid factor
Rh(D) – rhesus blood group (D)
RIP – rat insulin promoter
RLR – RIG‐like helicase receptor
RNAi – RNA interference
ROI – reactive oxygen intermediates
RSS – recombination signal sequence
SAP – serum amyloid P
SAP – sphingolipid activator protein
SAR – systemic acquired resistance
SARS – severe acute respiratory syndrome
SARS‐CoV – SARS‐associated coronavirus
SC – Ig secretory component
SCF – stem cell factor
scFv – single‐chain variable region antibody fragment (VH + VL joined by a flexible linker)
SCG – sodium cromoglycate
SCID – severe combined immunodeficiency
SDF – stromal‐derived factor
SDS – sodium dodecyl sulfate
SDS‐PAGE – sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SEA (B etc.) – Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A (B etc.)
SEREX – serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries
siRNA – short‐interfering RNA
SIV – Simian immunodeficiency virus
SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus
SLIT – sublingual allergen immunotherapy
SLP‐76 – SH2‐domain containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa
SOCs – suppressor of cytokine signaling
SPE – streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins
SRID – single radial immunodiffusion
SSA – streptococcal superantigen
STAT – signal transducer and activator of transcription
TACI – transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand [CAML]
interactor
T‐ALL – T‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia
TAP – transporter associated with antigen processing
TB – tubercle bacillus
Tc – cytotoxic T‐cell
T‐cell – thymus‐derived lymphocyte
TCF – T‐cell factor
TCR1(2) – T‐cell receptor with γ/δ chains (with α/β chains)
TdT – terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
TG‐A‐L– polylysine with polyalanyl side‐chains randomly tipped with tyrosine and glutamic acid
TGFβ – transforming growth factor β
Th(1/2/3/9/17) – T‐helper cell (subset 1, 2, 3, 9, or 17)
THF – thymic humoral factor
Thp – T‐helper precursor
TLI – total lymphoid irradiation
TLR – Toll‐like receptor
TM – transmembrane
TNF – tumor necrosis factor
TNP – trinitrophenol
TPO – thrombopoietin
Treg – regulatory T‐cell
Ts – suppressor T‐cell
TSAb – thyroid stimulating antibodies
TSE – transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
TSH(R) – thyroid stimulating hormone (receptor)
TSLP – thymic stromal lymphopoietin
TSST – toxic shock syndrome toxin
TUNEL – TdT‐mediated dUTP (deoxyuridine trisphosphate) nick end labeling
Vα(β/γ/δ) – variable part of TCR α(β/γ/δ) chain
VCAM – vascular cell adhesion molecule
vCJD – variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
VCP – valosin‐containing protein
VEGF – vascular endothelial cell growth factor
VH – variable part of Ig heavy chain
VIMP VCP ‐interacting membrane protein
VIP – vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vk/λ – variable part of k(λ) light chain
VL – variable part of light chain
VLA – very late antigen
VLP – virus‐like particle
VNTR – variable number of tandem repeats
VP1 – virus‐specific peptide 1
XL – X‐linked
ZAP‐70 – zeta chain‐associated protein of 70 kDa
All the content of this section has been selected from different standard books , International journals, Research articles, etc.
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology by Abul K. Abbas – 7thEdition
- Kuby Immunology – 5thEdition
- The Cell: A Molecular Approach by Geoffrey M. Cooper – 8thEdition
- Prescott’s Microbiology -Lansing M. Prescott, John P. Harley, Donald A. Klein- 11th Edition.
- Microbiology-MICHAEL J. PELCZAR.
- Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry-David Nelson, Michael Cox. sixth edition.
- Concepts of Genetics, 7th Edition- William S Klug, Michael Cummings.
- Roitt’s Essential Immunology, Thirteenth edition.
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